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一、导读: Read the passage on P48, and find the sentences with to-infinitives,verb-ing and verb-ed forms 二、导思: ①Various measures are being taken such as the streetstall and smallstore economy to expand domestic demand. ②The boy admitted stealing a bar of chocolate from the supermarket. ③Inspired by heroes in harm's way, many students chose to study medicine at college. ④To enrich your vocabulary, you are supposed to read and accumulate a great deal. ⑤What if you catch a guy committing a crime like stealing from a jewelry store? ⑥A man respecting others will be respected. [我的发现] 1.句①④为动词不定式作目的状语。 2.句②⑤⑥为动词ing形式,其中②为动名词作宾语,⑤为现在分词短语在句中作补语,⑥为现在分词短语在句中作后置定语。 3.句③为过去分词短语在句中作状语。 三、导学: 非谓语动词综述 非谓语动词通常指动词不定式、动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式,在句中可用作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补语。见下表: 功能 形式 | 主语 | 宾语 | 表语 | 定语 | 状语 | 补语 | 动词不定式 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 动词-ing形式 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 动词-ed形式 |
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动词不定式 不定式由“to+动词原形”构成,其否定形式是“not to+动词原形”。不定式可以加宾语或状语构成不定式短语,没有人称和单复数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化。不定式可作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语和表语,但不能单独作谓语。 (一)不定式的用法 1.作主语(见Unit 1) 2.作宾语 (1)下列动词只能用不定式作宾语,请牢记下面的口诀: 决心学会想希望,拒绝设法愿假装 | decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish; refuse, manage, care, pretend | 主动答应选计划,同意请求帮一帮 | offer, promise, choose, plan; agree, ask/beg, help |
We agreed to meet at the school gate.我们一致同意在校门口见面。 (2)在某些动词如find, think, consider, feel, make, believe后,常用it作形式宾语,然后加宾语补足语,最后加不定式作真正的宾语。 We think it our duty to protect the environment.我们认为保护环境是我们的责任。 3.作宾语补足语 (1)在很多动词后都可以用不定式作宾语补足语,如ask, want, invite, get, force, expect, allow, persuade, order, warn, remind, prefer, cause, permit, forbid, advise, teach等。 Father will not allow us to play in the street.父亲将不允许我们在街上玩耍。 (2)下列动词(短语)接省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语: 一感(feel),二听(hear, listen to),三让(let,have, make),五看(see, notice, observe, watch, look at),半帮助 (help),但在变为被动语态时需加to。 Nobody saw him come in.(主动语态)没人看见他进来。 The thief was observed to enter the bank.(被动语态)有人看见小偷进了银行。 4.作定语 不定式作定语,通常置于所修饰的名词或代词之后,与所修饰的词之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系、动宾关系或同位关系。 She is always the first to come and the last to leave.(主谓关系)她总是第一个到,最后一个离开。 Have you got a letter to write?(动宾关系)你有一封信要写吗? Do you have the ability to read and write in English?(同位关系)你有用英语读和写的能力吗? 5.作状语 (1)作目的状语,有时用in order to或so as to。 To be a winner, you need to give all you have and try your best.要想成为赢家,你要付出所有并竭尽全力。 (2)作结果状语,常用结构enough to, too...to..., only to等。 I'm too tired to stay up any longer.我太累了,不能再熬夜了。 (3)作原因状语,此时常与表示情感的形容词连用,如glad, happy, frightened, surprised等。 I'm very glad to meet you here.在这儿遇见你我真高兴。 (4)作目的状语,此时的动词不定式动作必须是主语发出的。 To learn English well, his father bought him a dictionary.(×) To learn English well, he bought himself a dictionary.(√) 6.作表语(见Unit 1) (二)疑问词+不定式 不定式与疑问词who, which, when, where, how, what等连用,在句中起名词作用,可充当主语、表语、宾语等。 He didn't know what to say.(宾语)他不知道说什么。 How to solve the problem is very important.(主语)如何解决这个问题很重要。 [名师点津]在与why连用时,只用于why或why not开头的简短疑问句中,后面紧跟的动词不定式不带to。 Why not have a rest?为什么不休息一下呢? (三)动词不定式的时态和语态 1.动词不定式的时态和语态的构成和用法 时态 | 意义 | 主动语态 | 被动语态 | 一般时 | 与句子谓语动词的动作同时发生或在谓语动词的动作之后发生 | to do | to be done | 进行时 | 在谓语动词的动作发生时正在进行 | to be doing | — | 完成时 | 在谓语动词的动作之前发生 | to have done | to have been done | 完成进行时 | 发生在谓语动词的动作之前并且持续到谓语动词的动作发生时仍在进行 | to have been doing | — |
I saw him go out.我看见他出去了。 The boy pretended to be studying hard when his teacher came in.当老师进来的时候,那个男孩假装正在努力学习。 I'm sorry to have kept you waiting.很抱歉让你久等了。 The meeting to be held tomorrow is of great importance.明天要举行的会议很重要。 2.动词不定式语态四注意 (1)不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系时,不定式往往用主动形式。 Have you got a key to unlock the door?你有开门的钥匙吗? (2)不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系,又和该句主语之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系时,不定式常用主动形式。He needs a room to live in. 他需要一间房间居住。 (3)不定式作表语形容词的状语,和句中主语之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系时,不定式多用主动形式,这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省去了for sb.。 This book is difficult to understand.这本书很难理解。 (4)在there be结构中,当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时,不定式用主动形式;如果说话人强调的事情本身必须完成,则用被动形式。 There is a lot of work to do.(有人必须去干活) There is a lot of work to be done.(工作必须被做) 请注意下面两个句子的含义是不同的: There is nothing to do.(无事可做,感到十分乏味) There is nothing to be done.(某东西坏了,无法使之恢复正常) (四)不定式符号to的保留问题 有时为了避免重复,可以用to来代替前面的不定式,这种情况常出现在下列词语后:expect, prefer, care, mean, forget, want, wish, hope, would like (love), try以及be glad/happy等后。 —Will you go to the cinema with me? 你愿意和我一起去看电影吗? —Well, I'd like to. 哦,我愿意。 [名师点津]如果在省略的不定式结构中含有be, have, have been,这些词要保留。 —Are you on holidays?你在度假吗? —No, but I'd like to be.没有,但是我想去。 动词ing和动词ed形式 动词ing形式和动词ed形式在句中可以作表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语,其具体用法如下: 1.作表语 (1)动词ed 作表语表示人自身的感受或事物自身的状态;而动词ing形式作表语多表示事物具有的特性。 (2)充当表语的词语(过去分词)通常加在系动词后面。常见系动词: be 动词:is/am/are/was/were 一“好像”:seem 二“保持”:keep,remain 三“变化”:become, get, turn 五“感官”:look, sound, taste, feel, smell The news is encouraging.这个消息令人鼓舞。 The audience are excited.观众很兴奋。 The story is terrifying.这个故事很可怕。 He seemed quite delighted at the news.他听到这个消息似乎很高兴。 2.作定语 动词ing形式作定语表示主动、进行;动词ed形式作定语,表示被动、完成。 [名师点津] (1)单个的过去分词作定语通常放在被修饰词之前;过去分词短语作定语则放在被修饰词之后,相当于一个定语从句。 有些过去分词表示特定含义,单独作定语也放在被修饰的名词之后。如:left(剩余的),given(所给的),concerned(有关的)等。另外,单个过去分词作定语修饰代词时,应该放在被修饰的词后面。 (2)有些过去分词作定语既可前置也可后置,意义不变,但有些过去分词置于被修饰词前后的位置不同,则意义也不相同。 I am fond of the food cooked by your mother.=I am fond of the food that is cooked by your mother.我很喜欢你妈妈做的饭菜。 There is a little time left. Let's hurry up.剩余时间不多了,咱们快点吧。 All the broken windows have been repaired.=All the windows broken have been repaired.所有坏了的窗户已经修理好了。 We were very pleased to hear this encouraging news.听到这个令人鼓舞的消息,我们十分高兴。 3.作状语 动词ing形式(现在分词)和动词ed形式(过去分词)在句中作状语时通常作原因、时间、伴随、条件、结果、让步状语等。主语与动词ing形式(现在分词)在逻辑上存在主谓关系,主语与动词ed形式(过去分词)在逻辑上存在动宾关系。 Seeing the teacher, he ran into the classroom.一看见老师,他跑进了教室。 Surrounded by a group of pupils, the old teacher walked into the classroom.在一群学生的簇拥下,那位老教师走进了教室。 His parents died, leaving him a lot of money.他的父母去世了,留给他一大笔钱。 Caught in a heavy rain, he was wet to the skin.由于遇上了大雨,他浑身都湿透了。 Getting up late, he missed his early train.由于起床晚了,他没有赶上早班火车。 Seen from space, our earth looks more beautiful.从太空看,我们的地球更美。 [名师点津]动词ing 形式和动词ed 形式的独立结构: 动词ing 形式短语(现在分词短语)和动词ed 形式短语(过去分词短语)作状语时,其逻辑主语通常与句子的主语一致,但有时它们可以有自己的独立主语,这种结构被称为独立主格结构。当逻辑主语与其后的动词是主动关系时,用动词ing 形式;当逻辑主语与其后的动词是被动关系时,用动词ed 形式。 Time permitting, we can complete the project.如果时间允许,我们就能完成这个项目。(逻辑主语time与 permit 存在主动关系,独立主格结构作条件状语) All the work done, they decided to treat themselves to a movie.所有的工作都做完了,他们决定去看一场电影犒劳自己。(逻辑主语all the work与do之间存在被动关系,句中独立主格结构作原因或时间状语) 4.作宾语补足语 (1)宾语补足语与宾语是逻辑上的主谓关系,表示主动,用动词ing形式。 宾语补足语与宾语是逻辑上的动宾关系,表示被动,用动词ed形式。 (2)可接ing分词作宾语补足语的动词有: a.感知觉动词:feel, hear, look at, listen to, notice, observe, sense, see, watch。 I heard her singing in the next door.当时我听见她在隔壁唱歌。 I watched them playing volleyball on the playing ground.我观看他们在操场上打排球。 b.动词get, have, keep, leave, send,set等。 The arrival of the police sent the robbers running away quickly.警察的到来使强盗们四处逃窜。 Don't have your guest standing there and ask him to sit down. 不要让客人站在那里, 请他入座。 c.现在分词用在“with 【打印本页】【关闭窗口】 |