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一、导读： Read the short passage on P34, finish the box and explore the rules. 二、导思： 观察下列句子，判断画线部分属于哪种名词性从句。 ①The truth is that it is too foggy for the bus to run that far. ②She had a feeling that she was being watched by a tall man. ③The possibility that pleasant smells might reduce pain has recently been suggested by new research. ④It is believed that strong smells can affect the senses. ⑤Scientists are interested in whether the sense of smell is related to pain. ⑥One explanation is that women's sense of smell is better developed than that of men. ⑦Scientists used to believe that mothers recognize their children by sight only. ⑧Why pleasant smells do not reduce pain in men remains a puzzle for scientists. [自我总结] ①⑥属于____________, ②③属于____________, ④⑧属于____________, ⑤⑦属于______________. 三、导学&导练： I. 名词性从句 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句 (Noun Clauses)。 名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 II. 名词性从句的连接词 引导名词性从句的常见连接词(引导词)可分为三类： 1．从属连词：that，whether，if (1)以上连接词只起连接作用，在从句中均不充当任何成分。 (2)其中，that无意义；whether/if均表示“是否”。 2．连接代词：what，who，which，whom，whose，whatever，whoever，whomever，whichever。连接代词既起连接作用，又在从句中担当主语、宾语、表语或者定语。 3．连接副词：when，where，why，how。连接副词既起连接作用，又在从句中作状语。 III. 名词性从句用法中的注意点 1．that引导宾语从句不可省略的情形 that引导宾语从句时，在动词之后的宾语从句中常被省去，但在以下三种情况下不能省略： (1)动词后面有并列宾语从句时，第二个从句中that不能省； (2)当that作介词宾语时，that不可省掉； (3)用it作形式宾语的宾语从句中，that引导真正的宾语从句，that不可省略。 Many people believe (that) higher education should be free and ____________more students should have access to it. 很多人认为高等教育应该免费，而且更多的学生应该有机会接受高等教育。 I didn’t tell him anything on the phone except ____________ I needed the money. 电话里我什么都没有告诉他，只是说我需要钱。 We find it a big surprise ____________ she is still alive in such a serious earthquake. 她在如此严重的地震中仍活着，我们感到非常惊讶。 答案: that; that; that 2．that引导定语从句与同位语从句的区别 (1)定语从句是指在复合句中起形容词作用的从句，是对____________起修饰和限定作用的从句；同位语从句指的是在复合句中充当同位语的从句，用来____________其前面的抽象名词的具体内容。 (2)that在定语从句中充当主语或宾语，有时候可以与which互换；that在同位语从句中不充当成分，无意义，只起引导句子的作用，但不能省略。 The promise that I made to myself was that this year，my first year in high school，would be different. (本句中第一个that引导____________从句，在从句中作____________，可____________；第二个that引导____________，____________省略) I made a promise to myself that this year，my first year in high school，would be different. (that引导____________从句，解释说明____________的具体内容，不充当____________，只起引导句子的作用，但不能____________) 答案：（1）先行词；解释说明；（2）定语、宾语、省略、表语从句、不可；同位语、promise、成分、省略。 3．that和what引导名词性从句的区别 that只起____________作用，不充当____________，不可以____________ (宾语从句的特殊情况除外)； what在从句中充当____________，如____________、____________、___________。 It is known to us all that America is a developed country belonging to the first world. (_______为形式主语，_______引导的从句为真正的主语从句，_______无意义且不充当任何成分) What is known to us all is that America is a developed country belonging to the first world. (“________________________”为主语从句，____________为连接代词，在从句中作主语) 众所周知，美国是一个属于第一世界的发达国家。 答案：连接、任何成分、省略；句子成分、主语、宾语、表语；it、that、that; what is known to us all; what 4．whether和if引导名词性从句的区别 (1)if只能引导两种名词性从句：宾语从句和不位于句首的主语从句。 (2)whether四种名词性从句均可以引导，在下列情况下一般只能用whether，不用if： ①引导主语从句并位于句首时； ②引导表语从句时； ③引导从句作介词宾语时； ④与“or not”直接连用构成“whether or not”时； ⑤后接动词不定式时； ⑥引导同位语从句时。 ____________ we will go for a picnic tomorrow depends on ____________ it will be fine. 我们明天是否去野餐取决于明天是否是晴天。 My first question is ____________he has made up his mind to become a volunteer. 我的第一个问题是他是否已经下定决心要当一名志愿者。 Even though he is in a difficult situation，he hasn’t decided ____________ or not to give up. (＝Even though he is in a difficult situation，he hasn’t decided ___________or not he will give up. ＝Even though he is in a difficult situation，he hasn’t decided whether/if he will give up or not.) 尽管他处境艰难，他还没有决定是否要放弃。 答案：whether; whether/if; whether; whether; whether 5．whoever，whatever，whichever等的用法 (1)whoever/whatever/whichever这些词引导名词性从句时，可以转化成相应的定语从句： whoever＝anyone who...“任何……的人”； whatever＝anything that...“任何……的物” whichever＝any...that...“任何……的(已知范围内的或上文提到过的)人或物” The gold medal will be awarded to ____________ wins the first place in the bicycle race. ＝The gold medal will be awarded to ____________ ____________ wins the first place in the bicycle race. 自行车比赛得第一名的人会获得金牌。 ____________ you can do helps since your support is important to our work. ＝____________ ____________you can do helps since your support is important to our work. 你做的一切对我们都有帮助，因为你的支持对我们的工作很重要。 ____________ of the preventive measures benefits the public should be promoted. ＝Any of the preventive measures ____________ benefits the public should be promoted. 任何对公众有用的预防措施都应该被推广。 答案：whoever; anyone who; whatever; anything that; whichever; that (2)whoever/whatever/whichever/whomever等可以引导让步状语从句。 whoever＝no matter who...“无论谁……” whatever＝no matter what...“无论什么……” whichever＝no matter which...“无论哪一个……” ____________ we are to shake hands with，we usually have to take our gloves off to show our respect. ＝_________ _________ _________ we are to shake hands with，we usually have to take our gloves off to show our respect. 无论我们要和谁握手，我们通常都会摘下手套以示我们的敬意。 ____________ you do，if you want to become great at it，you need to work day in and day out. ＝_________ _________ _________ you do，if you want to become great at it，you need to work day in and day out. 不管你做什么，如果想做好，你就需要日复一日地工作。 ____________ of the fitness classes you choose，trained instructors are there to help you. ＝_________ _________ _________ of the fitness classes you choose，trained instructors are there to help you. 不管你选择哪种健身课，都会有专业教练帮助你。 答案：whoever; no matter who; whatever; No matter who; whichever; No matter which 6．名词性从句中使用虚拟语气的用法 (1)在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等，谓语动词用虚拟语气“(should＋)do”，常用的句型有： It is necessary (important，natural，strange，essential, etc.) that... It is a pity (a shame，no wonder，etc.) that... It is suggested (requested，proposed，desired，etc.) that... (2)表示“建议、请求、命令、要求、坚持等”及物动词后面的宾语从句中谓语要用虚拟语气“(should＋)do”，常用的这类动词有suggest，propose，insist，desire，demand，request，order，command等。 (3)主语是suggestion，proposal，request，order等表示“建议、请求、要求、命令等”意思的词时，表语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should＋)do”。 (4)表示“建议、请求、命令、要求等”意思的名词后面的同位语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should＋)do”。 It was suggested by him that we (should) hold another meeting to discuss the question. ＝He suggested that we (should) hold another meeting to discuss the question. ＝His suggestion was that we (should) hold another meeting to discuss the question. ＝He put forward a suggestion that we (should) hold another meeting to discuss the question. 他的建议是我们举行另一次会议来讨论这个问题。 四、课文重难点 1.一篇关于自己创业的利与弊的文章 an article on the pros and cons of starting one’s own business 2.起作用 function as 3.As you start to make plans for you want to do with your future, you might ask a question you should start your own business. 4.You may have a brilliant idea, but before you decide to put it into action, it is wise to (权衡) the advantages and disadvantages of this o 选择. 5.There are many advantages of （run）your own business.经营你自己的生意 6.提高你的领导能力sharpen your leadership skills 7. 激励你的员工motivate your employees 8.记录下你所有的收据和付款情况keep track of all your receipts and payments 9. 取得商业成功achieve commercial success 10.It is no surprise that being one’s own boss is appealing to many people. 毫不奇怪… 11.For one thing... For another...一方面，另一方面， 12.处理要求苛刻的工作日程安排 deal with work schedules 13.work around the clock日以继夜地工作 14. 作为一个企业主，你要带有很大的责任。Being a business owner comes with great responsibilities. 15. 每周锻炼一次work out weekly 16.年度预算yearly budgets, 17.a wrong decision might put other people’s jobs on the line. Also, you will need to make 18.按时偿还你的贷款repay your loans on time 19.when it comes to (start) a business on your own, think twice before you act!B 20.开一个时装设计工作室open a fashion design studio 21.对你的想法有激情 have a passion your idea 22.fit your skill适应你的技能 23 it is worth （【打印本页】【关闭窗口】 |