一、导读: Read the short passage on P20, finish the table and explore the rules. 二、导思: ①Shiqian ethnic Senior High School, which is located in on the Longchuan River, is very beautiful. ②It is easy to find this school, where there are over 3000students. ③Every year, many students go to universities that they dream of. ④The teachers whom students can meet every day are responsible for their jobs. ⑤Most students, who live very far, go home once a month, ⑥While the rest of students whose parents are non-local citizens feel very happy here. ⑦One reason why this school is very popular is the excellent management. ⑧As is known to all, the other reason is that all the teachers devote themselves to teaching. ⑨We are really impressed by such a good school and we’ll never forget the days when we stayed here together. 小结/归纳(一) 含有关系代词的定语从句有____________ Group1 引导词有_______________ 含有关系副词的定语句子有____________ Group2 引导词有______________ 小结归纳(二):关系词的作用 1.which/that 指物,在从句中既可作______,又可作______;______不可以引导非限定性定语从句 2.who/that指人,在从句中作____; who/that/whom指人,在从句中均可作______; whose可指人和物,相当于先行词的所有格“某人/某物的...”在从句中作______; 3.which/as均可以指整个句子,_____引导的定语从句可置于句首而_____不可以; 4. 当先行词表____、_____、_____ 时,而从句中主语、宾语或表语都不缺,此时,从句可能缺_______,可以用关系副词______、_______、______引导定语从句,分别作时间状语、地点状语、原因状语。 三、导学&导练: 关系词的用法 关系词分关系代词和关系副词。关系代词主要有 that, who, whom, whose, which, as 等;关系副词主要有when, where 和why,其中when表示时间,where表地点,why表原因,它们在定语从句中均用作状语。 关系词的选择 选择关系词可考虑以下四点: (1) 一看先行词的意义,即分清先行词是指人、指物、时间、地点还是原因(如指物时不能用who或whom,指人时通常不用which等)。 (2) 二看关系词的句法功能,即分清关系词是担任什么句子成分,是作主语还是宾语、是作定语还是状语等(如作定语通常用whose,有时也用which;作状语要用when, where, why)。 (3) 三看定语从句的种类,即分清是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句(如that和why通常不引导非限制性定语从句)。 (4) 四看文体,即分清是正式文体还是非正式文体,是书面语体还是口语体。 使用关系副词应注意的几点 1. how 不能用作关系副词,不要想当然地将how用作关系副词置于the way 后表示方式: 他说话就是那个样子。 误:This is the way how he spoke. 正:This is how he spoke. / This is the way (that, in which) he spoke. 2. 关系副词when和where既可引导限制性定语从句,也可引导非限制性定语从句,但why只能引导限制性定语从句,不能引导非限制性定语从句(若引导非限制性定语从句,可用for which reason)。 3. 引导定语从句时,when 的先行词为时间,where的先行词为地点,why的先行词为原因(主要是the reason),但是反过来却不一定。如: Don’t forget the time (that) I’ve told you. 不要忘记我告诉你的时间。 Do you know the house (that) he bought recently? 你知道他最近买的那座房子吗? Please tell me the reason (that) you know. 请告诉我你所知道的原因吧。 学习定语从句的几个误区: I、误认为关系代词whose只用于修饰人 whose用作疑问代词时,主要用于指人;但用作关系代词时,它既可指人也可指物。如: It was an island, whose name I have forgotten. 它是一座岛,名字我忘了。 The factory, whose workers are all women, is closed during the holidays. 这家工厂工人都是妇女,在假期中工厂关门了。 II、混淆定语从句与并列句 请看下面两题: 1. He has two children, and both of _________ are abroad. A. them B. which C. whom D. who 2. He has two children, both of _________ are abroad. A. them B. which C. whom D. who 第1题选A,第2题选C。由于第1题中用了并列连词and,从而使整个句子为并列句,and后应是一个独立的简单句,所以选A不选C;第2题没有并列连词and,both of whom are abroad为非限制性定语从句。另外,请比较下面一题: He has two children, both of _________ being abroad. A. them B. which C. whom D. who 此题答案为A,其中的both of them being abroad为独立主格结构,用作状语。 请再看一组类似的例子: 1. He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C. which D. that 2. He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ were translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C. which D. that 第1应选B,而不能选C,是因为句中的 translated 是过去分词(非谓语动词),若选C,则该从句无谓语;第2应选C,因为句中有谓语 were translated。比较下面一例: He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _________ were translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C. which D. that 此题与上面的第2题不同,两句间多了一个并列连词and,说明这是一个并列句,故应选B,则不能选C。 III、混淆关系代词与关系副词 有的同学一看到先行词是表示时间、地点、原因的名词,就认为一定要用关系副词,其实也不一定。在此情况下,还要看关系词在定语从句中是用作什么成分,若是用作状语,则用关系副词,若不是用作状语(如用作主语、宾语等)则不能用关系副词,而用关系代词。比较: This is the factory where I want to work. 这就是我想工作的工厂。(work为不及物动词where在从句中用作状语) This is the factory that I want to visit. 这就是我想参观的工厂。(visit为及物动词,that用作visit的宾语) The reason why he can’t come is that he is ill. 他没来的是因为他病了。(come为不及物动词,why在定语从句中用作状语) The reason that he put forth is very important. 他提出的理由很重要。(put forth为及物动词,that在定语从句中用作其宾语) 比较下面的考题: 1. This is the room _________I lived ten years ago. A. that B. where C. who D. what 2. This is the room _________I lived in ten years ago. A. that B. where C. who D. what 3. This is the room _________I bought ten years ago. A. that B. where C. who D. what 4. This is the room _________I visited ten years ago. A. that B. where C. who D. what 5. This is the room _________I was born ten years ago. A. that B. where C. who D. what 第1题选B,因为 live 是不及物动词,它无需接宾语;第2题选A,因为虽然 live 不及物,但live in 却是及物,它应有自己的宾语;第3、4题也应选A,因为 buy 和 visit均为及物动词,它们应有自己的宾语;第5应选B,因为 be born 无需有自己的宾语。 IV、混淆定语从句与表语(从句) 请看下面的试题: 1. Your coat is still _____ you left it. A. where B. there C. there where D. the place where 【分析】答案选A,where引导的是表语从句(=在…的地方),而不是定语从句。 2. Is this school _____ your father worked in ten years ago? A. where B. what C. that D. the one 【分析】答案选D,this school为句子主语,the one 为表语,your father worked in…为定语从句。不要误认为this是句子主语,否则school前应加冠词the。比较: Is this the school _____ your father worked in ten years ago? A. where B. what C. that D. the one (选C) Is this the school _____ your father worked ten years ago? A. where B. what C. that D. the one (选A) V、混淆定语从句与状语从句 请看下面的试题: 1. I went upstairs ______I heard some crying. A. where B. when C. that D. which 【分析】答案是B而不是A,when的意思是“当…的时候”,引导的是时间状语从句。(upstairs为副词,不宜用作先行词) 2. He is _____ a clever boy _____ we all like. A. such, that B. such, as C. so, that D. so, as 【分析】答案应选B,而不是A。such … that …(如此…以致…)用于引导结果状语从句,其中的that不充当句子成分,而such…as…中的as为关系代词,用以引导定语从句并在定语从句充当句子成分。上句中第二空之所以选as,是因为它用作动词like宾语。 VI、误认为逗号后一定是非限制性定语从句 有的同学一看见逗号,就以为一定要选which而不选that,但问题是有时根本就不是定语从句。如: 1. If a book is in English, _________ means slow progress for you. A. as B. which C. what D. that 2. When I say two hours, _________ includes time for eating. A. as B. which C. what D. that 以上两题均应选that,而不能选which,因为它们根本不是定语从句。之所以选that,是因为句中已有if和when引导的状语从句,逗号后为主句,that为主句主语。 VII、误加与关系代词同义的人称代词 误:He is a man everyone respects him. 正:He is a man everyone respects. 他是一个人人都敬重的人。 VIII、as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别 这类定语从句只能由 which 或 as 引导。两者之间的区别在于: 1. which 引导的定语从句只能位于主句后,但as引导的从句可位于主句前、中、后。如: David, as you know, is a photographer. 戴维是个摄影师,你是知道的。(不可用which) Li Ming is late, as is often the case. 李明迟到了,这事是经常发生的。(不可用which) 2. as在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语通常要有be或别的系动词,但which不受此限制。如: Li Ming was late, which (=and this) made Mr. Zhang very angry. 李明迟到了,这件事使张先生非常生气。(不可用as) 3. as 引导的定语从句只表示一个众所周知或意料之中的事,但 which 不受此限制。如: He married her, which was unexpected. 他和她结婚了,这是出乎意料的。(不可用as) 4. as有“正如”之意,而which则意为“这(件事,一点)”,可用and this/that/it来代替。 5. as多用于固定搭配中:as is often the case(这是常有的事),as was expected(不出所料
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