一、导读：

Read the short passage on P6, finish the box and explore the rules.

二、导思：

读一读，悟一悟:

①He programs us with all the possible moves he has seen while watching human games.

②If necessary, I can come at once.

③Before you came over，I never realized what a beautiful place I lived in.

④Later that morning，Dario suggested that they write a letter to their neighbors and apologize for their playing.

⑤In 1812, the year Charles Dickens was born, there were 66 novels published in Britain.

⑥What can we do to prevent these animals dying out?

[我的发现]

1．句①中含有while引导的省略式状语从句，补全为while he is watching human games。

2．句②中含有if引导的省略式状语从句，补全为if it is necessary。

3．句③中含有省略了引导词that或which的定语从句，补全为a beautiful place that/which I lived in。

4．句④中含有that引导的含有虚拟语气的宾语从句，省略了情态动词should，补全为that they should write a letter...。

5．句⑤中含有省略了引导词that的定语从句，修饰先行词the year，补全为the year that Charles Dickens was born。

6．句⑥是一个省略了介词from的特殊疑问句；补全为What can we do to prevent these animals from dying out?

三、导学&导练：

英语中有时为了避免重复，使语言简练紧凑，在不影响句子结构和意义的前提下，往往省去一个或多个句子成分或词语，这种语法现象称为省略。省略在英语中很常见，尤其是在口语中。

A、词法的省略

(一)冠词的省略

1．两个并列名词前有相同的冠词时，在不引起歧义的情况下，第二个名词前的冠词可省略

Is the baby a boy or (a) girl?     这个婴儿是男孩还是女孩？

Both the old and (the) young will be invited to the party.

老年人和年轻人都会被邀请参加这个聚会。

2. 表示独一无二的头衔、职位等的名词作表语或补足语时，常省略冠词

The man who is speaking is dean of the English department.

正在讲话的那个人是英语系主任。(作表语)

She was appointed director of the commercial organization.

她被任命为这个商业机构的主管。(作补足语)

3. 在某些独立主格结构中冠词也要省略

He came in, book in hand.＝He came in, with a book in his hand.

他走了进来，手里拿着一本书。

4. 副词的最高级前通常省略定冠词the。

The hungry young man eats most.   这个饥肠辘辘的年轻人吃得最多。

5. 在动词的-ing形式前介词的省略现象

常用的这类短语或句式有：

have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.做某事有困难

spend/waste...(in) doing sth.花费/浪费……做某事

There’s no use/good (in) doing sth.做某事没有用/好处。

There’s no point/sense (in) doing sth.做某事没有意义。

There’s no need (in) doing sth.做某事没有必要。

stop/prevent...(from) doing sth.阻止……做某事

be occupied (in) doing sth.忙于做某事

(二)连词和从句引导词的省略

1．引导宾语从句的连接词that常可省略；并列的宾语从句中的第一个连词that也可省略，但是后面的that不省略

He said (that) he had come here an hour before and that he had checked in at a hotel.

他说他一个小时前就已经到这里了，还说他已经登记入住一家旅馆。

2．关系代词代替先行词在定语从句中作宾语且其前没有介词时，常省略关系代词

Do you still remember the name of the company (that) we visited last month?

你还记得我们上个月参观过的公司的名字吗？

3．not only...but (also)..., whether... (or not), so (that)..., now (that)等连词可省略括号中的词

He was not only a writer but (also) an actor. 他不仅是个作家，而且是个演员。

Whether he’ll attend the meeting (or not) is not known yet.  他是否参加会议还不知道。

(三)动词不定式的省略

1．动词不定式to的省略

(1)在had better, would rather, would rather...than, would sooner...than, cannot but, why (not), cannot help but, may as well等结构后面的不定式符号to要省略。

We had better get the task accomplished as early as possible.

我们最好尽早完成任务。

(2)动词不定式短语作介词but，except的宾语，且介词之前有实义动词do或do的其他形式时，不定式符号to通常省略。

What do you like to do except swim?    除了游泳外，你喜欢做什么？

My mother could do nothing but wait for the doctor to arrive.

我妈妈什么也做不了，只能等着医生到来。

(3)两个或多个动词不定式短语表示并列关系时，第二个及后面的不定式短语中的不定式符号to通常省略。

She told the child to stay there and wait till she came back.   她让那个孩子待在那里等她回来。

如果两个或多个动词不定式短语表示对比关系，则不定式符号to通常保留。

They didn’t tell me whether to go on or to stop.  他们没有告诉我是继续下去还是停下来。

(4)在某些感官动词或使役动词(如hear, listen to, notice, observe, see, watch, make等)之后充当宾语补足语的动词不定式中，不定式符号to要省略，但在被动语态的句子中，不定式符号to要保留。

The manager made the workers work day and night.

＝The workers were made to work day and night by the manager.

经理让工人们夜以继日地工作。

(5)当what引导的名词性从句作主语，或all, everything等后接定语从句作主语，且从句谓语部分含有动词do的某种形式时，作表语的动词不定式中的to可以省略也可以保留。

What I should have done is (to) set the bird free.  我本应该放了那只鸟的。

(6)help后可带to，也可省略to。

Would you please help me (to) carry the luggage?   你能帮我搬一下行李吗？

2．不定式符号后动词的省略

(1)hope, wish, want, like, love, decide, plan, mean, prefer等后面出现与上文相同的不定式时，常保留不定式符号to，而省略其他部分。

Mike lied to us but he did not want to.

迈克对我们撒了谎，但是他并不想这样做。

(2)当不定式在ask, advise, persuade, wish, allow, permit, tell, expect, force, invite, beg等动词后面充当宾语补足语时，为了避免重复，常保留不定式符号to，而省略后面的动词。

If he doesn’t want to play the piano, don’t force him to.

如果他不想弹钢琴，别强迫他。

(3)在特定的上下文中，如果不定式为一般式to be或完成式to have done，通常省略be或have之后的部分。

—Aren’t you the headmaster？你不是校长吗？

—No, and I don’t want to be.我不是，而且我也不想当校长。

①形容词happy, glad, eager, anxious, willing, ready, pleased, afraid等后面接动词不定式时，可以省略不定式符号to后的动词。

—Will you come for a walk？你想去散步吗？

—I’m glad to.我想去。

②so和not可用来替代上文或问句中的一部分或整个句子。

—Can you put it off？你能把它延期吗？

—I’m afraid not/so.恐怕不行/恐怕得延期。

B、句法的省略

在一些简单句、并列句和复合句中，可以省略主语、谓语、宾语、表语等某一个句子成分，也可以省略多个句子成分。

(一)简单句的省略

1．祈使句中常省略主语you。

Take off your muddy shoes before you get inside.  在你进去之前脱掉你沾满泥的鞋。

2．感叹句中句意明确时，主语与谓语动词常省略

What a beautiful sight (it is)！多美的景色啊！

How wonderful  (it is)！多妙啊！

3．在一些口语中可以省略某些句子成分

—(Will you) Have a smoke？你抽烟吗？

—No. Thanks.不，谢谢了。

在口语中，特别是在简洁的回答中，经常为了突出答案，而只回答提问的部分。

①—Who did it？谁做的？

—Oscar.奥斯卡。(只保留主语)

②—What did you get？你拿了什么？

—A dictionary.词典。(只保留宾语)

③—How do you like me？你有多喜欢我？

—Very much.非常喜欢。(只保留状语)

④—What kind of pencil do you want？你想要哪种铅笔？

—Red.红色的。(只保留定语)

(二)并列句中的省略

1．如果主语不同，而谓语中的一部分相同，则省略谓语中相同的部分

Some people go to the mountains, and others (go) to the seaside.

有些人到山里去，有些人到海边去。

2．主语相同，谓语也相同，则二者都可以省略

His suggestion made John happy, but (his suggestion made) Mary angry.

他的建议使约翰高兴，却使玛丽很生气。

3．主语相同，而谓语不同，则可以省略主语

Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but (he) soon returned to his old ways.

老麦克唐纳戒了一阵子烟，可很快又抽上了。

4．在并列复合句中，如果that从句从属于第二个并列分句且它的谓语动词和宾语等其他一些成分与第一个并列分句相同，这个that从句通常可以省略这些相同的部分

Jack will sing at the party, but I know John won’t (sing at the party).

杰克将在聚会上唱歌，但我知道约翰不会在聚会上唱歌。

C、状语从句中的省略

状语从句的省略原则：如果从句主语和主句主语一致，或从句主语是it，且从句谓语含有动词be，那么从句中的主语和谓语动词be往往可以省略。

1．时间状语从句中的省略

When (she was) very young, she began to learn to play the violin.

她很小的时候就开始学习拉小提琴。

As (he was) a young man, Lincoln was a shop assistant. 林肯年轻时当过店员。

2．条件状语从句中的省略

条件状语从句的省略形式为if necessary, if possible, if true等。另外unless, as long as等词或短语后也可用省略形式。

He will come if (he is) asked.如果叫他来，他就来。

If (it is) necessary, ring me at two o’clock. 如果有必要，两点给我打电话。

3．让步状语从句中的省略

Even if (I am) invited to, I won't go to such a bad lecture.

即使邀请我去，我也不会去听如此糟糕的演讲。

4．比较状语从句中的省略

She has finished the work earlier than (it was) expected. 她这项工作比预料的提前完成了。

5．方式状语从句中的省略

as if/as though后还可加形容词/副词/介词短语/动词的-ing形式/动词的-ed形式/动词不定式。

She talked as if (she was) absent-minded.  她谈话似乎心不在焉。

6．其他特殊情况

(1)状语从句中的主语尽管与主句的主语不相同，但如果根据主从句的对应关系判断，意思比较明确，同时，从句的谓语部分又含有动词be的某种形式，此时则可省略从句中的“主语＋be”。

There are a few simple safety measures to follow while (you are) training.

有几点简单的安全措施在训练时要遵守。

(2)如果状语从句和主句都含有there be的某种形式或只有状语从句含有there be的某种形式，从句中的there be常常也可以省略。

Correct the mistakes, if (there are) any (mistakes) in these sentences.

如果这些句子里有错，就改正过来。

四、达标导练：

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1．—Will Mr. Brown come, too?

—Yes. He promised _________, but he hasn't turned up yet.

2．Though he had often made his little sister_________, today he was made _________ by her. (cry)

3．Experts warn that medical waste from hospitals, if not ______(handle) properly, may lead to spreading diseases.

4．When _________(face) with the difficulties and failures，I must overcome them.

5．—Are you a doctor?

—No, but I used to _________.

Ⅱ.使用省略形式改写下列句子

1．—Mary, how about going to the movies after supper?

—Going to the movies after supper sounds great!

→—Mary, how about going to the movies after supper?

—_______________________!

2．John will go abroad to travel but his brother will not go abroad to travel.

→John will go abroad to travel _______________________.

3．When I was cooking in the kitchen, I heard the doorbell ring.

→_______________________, I heard the doorbell ring.

4．If it is possible, we will finish it ahead of time.

→_______________________，we will finish it ahead of time.

5．After a two­hour walk, he should have a rest but he won't have a rest.

→After a two­hour walk, he should have a rest _______________________.

Ⅲ.用省略句式完成下列句子

1．I won't attend the concert _______________________.

我不会参加那个音乐会，除非被邀请。

2．Do you want that cake? _______________________, I'll have it.

你要那块蛋糕吗？不然我就要了。

3．_______________________, I studied music and painting.

在美国时，我学习音乐和油画。

4．_______________________, I will go myself.

在必要时，我可以自己去。

5．You'd better not take medicine unless your doctor _______________________.

除非医生叫你吃药，否则最好不要吃药。

五、课后巩固训练：（40分钟）

限时练习

六、反思感悟：

1. 省略的概念理解吗？

2. 省略有哪些形式？

3. 省略的几种特殊情况掌握了吗？